3) present perfect

3) Present perfect

FORMULA

VERBAL  :

(+) S+have/has+v3+0

(-) S+have/has+not+v3+o

(?) Have/has+s+v3+o+?

Ex :

(+) we have spoken English

(-) we have not spoken English

(?) Have we spoken English?

Have we spoken English?

» yes, we have spoken English

Have we spoken Arabic?

» no, we haven’t but we have spoken English

Note :

(*) time signal ( T.M) :

  » since    : sejak             » until now         : sampai sekarang

  » for      : selama           » up to now        : sampai saat ini

  » already : sudah            » never            : tdk pernah

  » just     : baru saja        » ever             : pernah

  » almost  : hamper           » recently         : baru-baru ini

  » lately etc……  : akhir-akhir ini dll……

(*)function :

    » menyatakan kejadian yg sudah di lakukan namun masih ada

      pengaruhnya di masa sekarang

(*) have     » I, you, we, they

    Has      » she, he, it

(*) have not       » haven’t

    Has not        » hasn’t

Q.W. :

We have spoken English for 2 hours

 a           b       c         d

a. S         » Q.W.+has+V3+O+?

                Who has spoken English?

b. V         » Q.W.+have/has+S+done+?

                What have we done?

c. O         » Q.W.+have/has+S+V3+?

                 What have we spoken?

d. Adv      » Q.W.+have/has+S+V3+O+?

                 How long have we spoken English

NOMINAL  :

(+) S+have/has+been+3 com (A.N.A)

(-) S+have/has+not+been+3 com (A.N.A)

(?) Have/has+s+been+3 com (A.N.A)+?

EX :

(+) I have been happy

(-) I haven’t been happy

(?) Have I been happy?